Soninke-Ibadiyya Interactions in the Western Sudan c. Ninth to c. Eleventh Century

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Periodical article

Title:	Soninke-Ibadiyya Interactions in the Western Sudan c. Ninth to c. Eleventh Century
Author:	Perinbam, B. Marie
Year:	1989
Periodical:	Maghreb Review
Volume:	14
Issue:	1-2
Pages:	70-90
Language:	English
Geographic term:	West Africa
Subjects:	Berber Soninke traditional polities history 0-999 1000-1099 History and Exploration Peoples of Africa (Ethnic Groups)
Abstract:	This paper investigates cultural interactions between the Soninke of Ghana (or the Wagadu kingdom) and the Maghribi Ib¯a.diyya in the Western Sudan, from about a century before, to approximately a century after the Almoravid confederation in the western Sahara. From the late eighth and early ninth centuries, the Ib¯a.diyya, together with other Berberophone populations, moved south into the upper Senegal and Niger river regions, primarily engaging in commercial and missionary activities. They usually stayed in towns or Muslim quarters near urban settlements such as T¯ahert, W¯argla, and Gao, where they came into contact with Soninke traders. The degree to which Soninke-speakers may have been influenced by Ib¯a.di religion is not clear, but available evidence suggests that some pre-Almoravid conversions occurred. However, after the 11th century, the Almoravid effectively removed most traces of the Ib¯a.di doctrine. Notes, ref.