'Lucumí', 'Terranova', and the origins of the Yoruba nation

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Periodical article

Title:	'Lucumí', 'Terranova', and the origins of the Yoruba nation
Authors:	Lovejoy, Henry B. Ojo, Olatunji
Year:	2015
Periodical:	The Journal of African History (ISSN 0021-8537)
Volume:	56
Issue:	3
Pages:	353-372
Language:	English
Geographic term:	Nigeria
Subjects:	Yoruba slave trade ethnic identity etymology
External link:	https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853715000328
Abstract:	The etymology of 'Lucumí' and 'Terranova', ethnonyms used to describe Yoruba-speaking people during the Atlantic slave trade, helps to reconceptualize the origins of a Yoruba nation. While there is general agreement that 'Lucumí' refers to the Yoruba in diaspora, the origin of the term remains unclear. The authors argue 'Lucumí' was first used in the Benin kingdom as early as the fifteenth century, as revealed through the presence of Olukumi communities involved in chalk production. The Benin and Portuguese slave trade extended the use of 'Lucumí' to the Americas. As this trade deteriorated by 1550, 'Terranova' referred to slaves captured west of Benin's area of influence, hence 'new land'. By the eighteenth century, 'Nago' had replaced 'Lucumí', while the 'Slave Coast' had substituted 'Terranova' as terms of reference. This etymology confirms the collective identification of 'Yoruba' and helps trace the evolution of a transnational identity. App., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]